Selective Catalytic Reduction

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is the process of converting NOx emissions from oxygen and water vapor after combustion. SCR can deliver near-zero emissions of N pollutant and greenhouse gas, in highway diesel engines. DEFendal’s Diesel Exhaust as a reductant and reacts with the chemical catalyst and the engine heat to convert gases and water vapor. By-products are then released from the tailpipe. It is the mo and fuel-efficient technology because the process occurs after combustion, which a run smoothly. Furthermore, it does not alter the design of the Common Rail Diesel (therefore can continue making fuel durable and economical. SCR technology has ex several years now, when it was used in passenger cars in 2009 and Class 8 trucks in widely utilized in boilers, diesel engines, ships, locomotives, gas turbines, and autom 2010 EPA requirements.

Process:

NOx reduction starts with a CRD engine design that burns Ultra Low Sulfur Design (inherently lower exhaust emissions. DEF is then delivered in precisely-metered spra exhaust stream by the vehicle’s onboard computer. Exhaust gas and an atomized m the converter simultaneously. DEF undergoes a chemical reaction with catalyst inside and gives off water vapor and nitrogen gas. The sensor then monitors exhaust gases catalyst. The main computer gives feedback to alter the DEF flow when NOx levels f acceptable parameters.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction

http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/researchdevelopment/a/scr.htm

Water-in-Oil Cream with Urea

Urea is naturally found in the skin and serves as its natural moisturizer. When skin cells become hard and dry, it exposes and unloads their water binding sites, allowing these cells to retain and absorb moisture. This mechanism is called hydrotropic solubilization and has been proven effective through independent clinical trials. Urea applied in skin alone does not feel good for most people, but with this recipe, it is coupled with other potent nutrients like polyglyceryl oleate, grapeseed oil, and polyglucose to deliver optimum moisture. Feel its silky smoothness when you apply this lotion!

Ingredients:                             Weight (%)         1 cup/240 ml.

Phase A

Polyglyceryl oleate                    5%                     2 ½ tsp./12 ml.

Grapeseed oil                          17%                    2 ½ tbsp./41 ml.

Polyglucose                            0.4%                       ¼ tsp./1 ml.

Beeswax                                0.6%                    1/3 tsp./1.4 gm.

Phase B

Sodium chloride (table salt)      0.5%                    ½ tsp./1.2 gm.

Deionized water                    55.5%                    9 tbsp./133 ml.

Phase C

Urea                                     10%                      8 tsp./24 gm.

Deionized water                     10%                      5 tsp./24 ml.

Phase D

Paraben-DU                           1%                        ½ tsp./24 ml.

Fragrance                              q.s.

Procedure:
In a clean double boiler, mix all ingredients of phase A and heat to approximately 80°C. While stirring, gradually add phase B ingredients until even. Remove from heat and cool mixture by stirring gently. When it reaches 40°C, add phase C ingredients. Stir further and add phase D ingredients. Homogenize when it reaches below 30°C. Pour into sterilized jars.

More: Diesel Urea

References:

"Free Formulas for Cosmetics and Skin Care." Cosmetic Ingredients Supply - MakingCosmetics.com Inc.

MakingCosmetics Inc., n.d. Web. 15 July 2011.

"UREA - Nature's own skin moisturizer" Dermal Therapy Moisturizers. Dermal Therapy, n.d. Web. 15 July 2011.

Monograph of Urea

Urea refers to an organic compound belonging to the carbamide class of chemicals, with a molecular formula of (NH2)2CO. Its name also serves as its official IUPAC nomenclature, though it is also known as carbamide, carbonyl diamide, carbonyldiamine, diaminomethanal, and diaminomethanone. Urea is under the functional group RR’N-CO-NRR’, which refers to a group of compounds with molecules having a carbonyl group attached to two organic amine residues. Popular compounds that belong to this class include allantoin, hydantoin, and carbamide peroxide. Urea’s CAS number is 57-13-6.

Urea was first synthesized by Friedrich Wöhler from an inorganic precedent. His discovery was an important milestone in the development of organic chemistry because it was the first time that a molecule from a living entity can be synthesized without any biological precursor.

Available as white crystals, powder, or prills, it is odorless when in solid state, but gives of a faint ammonia odor when dissolved in water or vapor. Urea is soluble in water, and is neither acidic nor basic when dissolved.

Physical Properties

Molecular weight: 60.06 g/mol

Density: 1.32 g/cm3

Boiling point: 197°C

Vapor pressure: 0.4 (25°C)

Vapor density: 2.07 (air=1)

Viscosity: 1.78 MP at 46% solution (20°C)

Heat of fusion: 13.9 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization: 45.3 kJ/mol

Heat of combustion: -634.1 kJ/mol

Flash point: 73°C

Uses
Urea has been used in different applications, particularly in agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Majority of its global production rests in the agricultural sector, to be used as fertilizers. Among common nitrogenous fertilizers, urea has the highest nitrogen content, making it the lowest
transportation costs per unit of nitrogen nutrient. It is often applied either as top- or side-dressing in grain and cotton crops before cultivation. Foliar sprays also contain small concentrations for horticultural crops. Together with other salts, urea is also used for cloud seeding activities.