Selective Catalytic Reduction

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is the process of converting NOx emissions from oxygen and water vapor after combustion. SCR can deliver near-zero emissions of N pollutant and greenhouse gas, in highway diesel engines. DEFendal’s Diesel Exhaust as a reductant and reacts with the chemical catalyst and the engine heat to convert gases and water vapor. By-products are then released from the tailpipe. It is the mo and fuel-efficient technology because the process occurs after combustion, which a run smoothly. Furthermore, it does not alter the design of the Common Rail Diesel (therefore can continue making fuel durable and economical. SCR technology has ex several years now, when it was used in passenger cars in 2009 and Class 8 trucks in widely utilized in boilers, diesel engines, ships, locomotives, gas turbines, and autom 2010 EPA requirements.

Process:

NOx reduction starts with a CRD engine design that burns Ultra Low Sulfur Design (inherently lower exhaust emissions. DEF is then delivered in precisely-metered spra exhaust stream by the vehicle’s onboard computer. Exhaust gas and an atomized m the converter simultaneously. DEF undergoes a chemical reaction with catalyst inside and gives off water vapor and nitrogen gas. The sensor then monitors exhaust gases catalyst. The main computer gives feedback to alter the DEF flow when NOx levels f acceptable parameters.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction

http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/researchdevelopment/a/scr.htm

Water-in-Oil Cream with Urea

Urea is naturally found in the skin and serves as its natural moisturizer. When skin cells become hard and dry, it exposes and unloads their water binding sites, allowing these cells to retain and absorb moisture. This mechanism is called hydrotropic solubilization and has been proven effective through independent clinical trials. Urea applied in skin alone does not feel good for most people, but with this recipe, it is coupled with other potent nutrients like polyglyceryl oleate, grapeseed oil, and polyglucose to deliver optimum moisture. Feel its silky smoothness when you apply this lotion!

Ingredients:                             Weight (%)         1 cup/240 ml.

Phase A

Polyglyceryl oleate                    5%                     2 ½ tsp./12 ml.

Grapeseed oil                          17%                    2 ½ tbsp./41 ml.

Polyglucose                            0.4%                       ¼ tsp./1 ml.

Beeswax                                0.6%                    1/3 tsp./1.4 gm.

Phase B

Sodium chloride (table salt)      0.5%                    ½ tsp./1.2 gm.

Deionized water                    55.5%                    9 tbsp./133 ml.

Phase C

Urea                                     10%                      8 tsp./24 gm.

Deionized water                     10%                      5 tsp./24 ml.

Phase D

Paraben-DU                           1%                        ½ tsp./24 ml.

Fragrance                              q.s.

Procedure:
In a clean double boiler, mix all ingredients of phase A and heat to approximately 80°C. While stirring, gradually add phase B ingredients until even. Remove from heat and cool mixture by stirring gently. When it reaches 40°C, add phase C ingredients. Stir further and add phase D ingredients. Homogenize when it reaches below 30°C. Pour into sterilized jars.

More: Diesel Urea

References:

"Free Formulas for Cosmetics and Skin Care." Cosmetic Ingredients Supply - MakingCosmetics.com Inc.

MakingCosmetics Inc., n.d. Web. 15 July 2011.

"UREA - Nature's own skin moisturizer" Dermal Therapy Moisturizers. Dermal Therapy, n.d. Web. 15 July 2011.

Monograph of Urea

Urea refers to an organic compound belonging to the carbamide class of chemicals, with a molecular formula of (NH2)2CO. Its name also serves as its official IUPAC nomenclature, though it is also known as carbamide, carbonyl diamide, carbonyldiamine, diaminomethanal, and diaminomethanone. Urea is under the functional group RR’N-CO-NRR’, which refers to a group of compounds with molecules having a carbonyl group attached to two organic amine residues. Popular compounds that belong to this class include allantoin, hydantoin, and carbamide peroxide. Urea’s CAS number is 57-13-6.

Urea was first synthesized by Friedrich Wöhler from an inorganic precedent. His discovery was an important milestone in the development of organic chemistry because it was the first time that a molecule from a living entity can be synthesized without any biological precursor.

Available as white crystals, powder, or prills, it is odorless when in solid state, but gives of a faint ammonia odor when dissolved in water or vapor. Urea is soluble in water, and is neither acidic nor basic when dissolved.

Physical Properties

Molecular weight: 60.06 g/mol

Density: 1.32 g/cm3

Boiling point: 197°C

Vapor pressure: 0.4 (25°C)

Vapor density: 2.07 (air=1)

Viscosity: 1.78 MP at 46% solution (20°C)

Heat of fusion: 13.9 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization: 45.3 kJ/mol

Heat of combustion: -634.1 kJ/mol

Flash point: 73°C

Uses
Urea has been used in different applications, particularly in agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Majority of its global production rests in the agricultural sector, to be used as fertilizers. Among common nitrogenous fertilizers, urea has the highest nitrogen content, making it the lowest
transportation costs per unit of nitrogen nutrient. It is often applied either as top- or side-dressing in grain and cotton crops before cultivation. Foliar sprays also contain small concentrations for horticultural crops. Together with other salts, urea is also used for cloud seeding activities.

What is NOx?

NOx is the abbreviated form of nitrogen oxide, which refers to a group of highly reactive greenhouse gases that are compounds of nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts. Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are two of its most important variants. These relatively inert gases are mostly colorless
and odorless, and are formed during combustion at high temperatures and at certain conditions. Main sources of NOx include motor vehicles, electric utilities, industrial plants, and residential units where fuel is burned. Agricultural soil, animal manure, sewage plants, and adipic acid are other emission sources that are human-influenced.

NOx ever since has been a major pollutant that poses serious environmental concerns. NO2 often envelops cities, together with the other air particles, in a reddish-brown fog. This can cause problems with landscape visibility. Because of the wind patterns on American geography, NOx can also be
transported to other regions where it is not emitted. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has expressed concerns about its increased emissions this past three decades for approximately 10 percent. However, all major pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, particulate matter, and other volatile organic compounds have decreased significantly since 1970. NOx greatly affects water quality as well. As nutrient concentrations increase, surface water breaks down and clarity is affected. Toxic chemicals are also formed in lakes and rivers that can affect aquatic life. When NOx reacts with partly-oxidized organic particles under sunlight, it forms tropospheric ozone. Increase of this ground-level ozone greatly contributes to global warming.

Aside from threatening the environment, NOx is downright damaging for health. When it forms nitrate particles and acid aerosols, it can cause respiratory problems because of lung tissue destruction. NO2 in particular is very poisonous and can be fatal in very high levels. Children and old patients are at high-risk especially.

Diesel urea or diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) is used to reduce NOx in exhaust gases from fuel combustion. After injecting the urea solution into the exhaust system, ammonia produced through urea hydrolysis reacts with NOx emissions. It will in turn convert emissions into nitrogen and water.

For more information on nitrogen oxide, visit the following:

•NOx Definition. (n.d.). Raypak: Hydronic Heating, Commercial Water Heating, Swimming Pool Heating; Spa heating, Boilers; Water Heaters. Retrieved May 24, 2011, from http://www.raypak.com/lownoxtech.htm

•Nitrogen Oxides Sources and Health Effects - WDNR. (2011, May 3). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved May 24, 2011, from http://dnr.wi.gov/air/aq/pollutant/oxides.htm

•Nitrous Oxide | Climate Change . (2010, June 23). US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved May 24, 2011, from http://www.epa.gov/nitrousoxide/

Diesel Urea Storage

To get the most out of product shelf life, the ideal storage temperature is between 20°F and 85°F. Expectations for shelf life are defined in ISO 22241-3 when stored properly. Diesel Urea  will degrade in time depending on temperature and exposure to sunlight. If the maximum temperature does not exceed approximately 75° F for an extended period of time the shelf life will be easily two years. Temporary exposure to high temperatures has little or no impact on DEF. 

Diesel Urea is stored at extremely cold temperatures (the fluid will freeze at 11°F), however the product is not impacted by freezing and subsequent defrosting of the fluid. *Easy tip: keep the fluid out of the direct sunlight, extremely hot, and extremely cold temperatures for a prolonged periods of time and you will be on your way. If the fluid is stored in extremely hot temperatures the fluid is not “bad” it will simply be consumed at a higher rate by the vehicle.

Diesel Urea Handling

Diesel Urea is recommended to be handled with care, with no contamination allowed. Diesel Urea does not pose any risk to humans, animals, the environment, or equipment. Product quality standards must be maintained throughout the supply chain. Distributors and users of the fluid must have dedicated transportation and storage (stainless steel and/or poly). 

The heating and cooling system on board is used to heat and cool the DEF tank until there is proper flow. The engine will operate up to 70 minutes in cold temperatures at what point DEF flow must be reached. Once the product is delivered to the user for use; dispensing the fluid properly is important. A closed sealed connector systems is always recommended. All pumps, valves, hoses, meters, and nozzles, must be dedicated for Diesel Urea and not shared with any other fluids.

What is DEF (Diesel Exhaust Fluid)?

 

Diesel Urea is comprised of 2 major components; urea and Deionized water (DI). Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO.  Urea has common uses in fertilizer, agriculture, and the pharmaceutical industry. Urea is used at a 32.5 % mixture with 67.5% DI water in Diesel Urea in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems (SCR). The fluid is in used to reduce the NOx pollutants, in exhaust gases from combustion from diesel, dual fuel, and lean-burn natural gas engines. In afore mentioned SCR systems; a water based urea solution is injected into the exhaust system. The ammonia produced by the hydrolysis of urea reacts with the NOx emissions and is converted into nitrogen and water within the catalytic converter. 

Some quick facts regarding Diesel Urea

• DEF is a stable fluid that will not separate, and is colorless
• DEF is not flammable
• DEF is not a pollutant
• DEF is not listed by any U.S. or Canadian transit authority as a hazardous material
• DEF is not impacted by freezing and subsequent defrosting. However it does freeze at 11°F. The heating and cooling system on board is used to thaw the fluid
• DEF will degrade in direct sunlight
• DEF may have a slight odor similar to ammonia
• DEF weighs 9.10 lbs per gallon and is shipped Class 14  an “Environmentally friendly fluid”

Source: Diesel Urea